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Grue悖論與自然類概念

關鍵字: 歸納法;確證理論;grue悖論;可投射性;自然類;相似性;傾向性詞 [摘要]   古德曼藉由述詞grue的特殊定義,讓歸納過程中的投射環節產生悖論,連帶影響到確證理論工作者,為回應歸納難題所作的努力。奎因則緊接著這則悖論的提出,整理確證理論發展以來所面臨的某些問題,並逕自提出他的自然類概念,試圖在提倡自然化哲學態度之餘,對古德曼的悖論提供解消的方式。對奎因而言,grue不是一個自然類詞,而這種訴求於主觀相似性之認定的自然類概念,將有助於釐清對科學進展的觀察方面,所留下的一些待解釋項目。本文從歸納難題的相關探討出發,精確框定grue悖論的含意,並跨過一系列關於可投射性、類別、相似性等相關概念的探討,希求grue悖論的徹底解決。關於奎因的自然化解決建議,本文將予以肯定並做修正:雖然最後將指出必須是用不同於自然類的方案,來達成悖論的解消(包括自然類在內的所有相關概念之不符合,僅能算是排除grue的必要條件),卻也肯定某種天生能力的訴求,因為我們的確有一種不想讓概念系統出錯的本能。連接本文的轉折有以下三個主要命題,也將分別予以論證。(1)古德曼的投射理論並不真的能徹底解決自己構作的悖論。(2)奎因的自然類概念本身並非全然可靠的概念,不過卻開啟一條有效益的直覺化思考路線。(3)我們其實可以將grue悖論放在科學的脈絡中解決。 [論文目次] 《Grue悖論與自然類概念》 序論 i 第一章  古德曼的G悖論 第一節  歸納難題 1 第二節  從確證理論到G悖論 10 第三節  拆解悖論的方案和可投射性概念 22 第二章  奎因的自然類概念 第一節  從可投射性述詞到自然類詞              30 第二節  相似性概念與類別概念                38 第三節  從傾向性述詞看科學發展的進程            42 第三章  自然類概念的修正 第一節  赫金的觀點 45 第二節  自然類概念的形上學探討與辯護 50 第三節  外於自然類的選擇和本能說 55 第四章  G悖論的解消 第一節  分析排除grue的原因和理由 60 第二節  述詞的非時間性原則與悖論的科學化解決 63 第三節  結論 67 參考文獻 69 參考文獻 Chihara, Charles 1981 “Quine and the Confirmation Paradoxes.” In Midwest Studies in Philosophy: The Foundations of Analytic Philosophy, Vol. VI, edited by Peter A. French, Theodore E. Uehling, Jr., and Howard K. Wettstein, pp. 425-452. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Earman, John 1985 “Concepts of projectiblity and the Problems of Induction.” Nous 19 : 521-535. Goodman, Nelson 1951 The Structure of Appearance. 3rd ed. D. Reidel Publishing Co. (1977). 1954 Fact, Fiction and Forecast. 4th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. (1983). 1970 “Seven Strictures on Similarity.” In Experience and Theory, edited by Lawrence Foster and J.W. Swanson, pp. 19-29. Boston: University of Massachusetts Press. 1978 Ways of Worldmaking. Indianapolis: Hackett Publishing Co.. Hacking, Ian 1990 “Natural Kinds” In Perspectives on Quine, edited by Robert B. Barrett and Roger F. Gibson, pp.129-141. Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell Publishers Inc.. 1994 “Entrenchment.” In GRUE! The New Riddle of Induction, edited by Douglas Stalker, pp. 193-223. Peru, Illinois: Open Court Publishing Co.. 1997 “Goodman’s New Riddle is Pre-Humian” In Nelson Goodman’s New Riddle of Induction, edited by Catherine Z. Elgin, pp.159-243. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.. Hempel, Carl G. 1965 Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays. New York: Free Press. Hume, David 1740 A Treatise of Human Nature. 2nd ed. Edited by L.A.Selby-Bigge. Oxford University Press (1978). 1777 Enquiries. 3rd ed. Edited by P.H.Nidditch. Oxford University Press ( 1975). Hempel, Carl G. 1965 Aspects of Scientific Explanation and Other Essays. New York: Free Press. Mulhall, Stephen 1989 “No Smoke Without Fire: The Meaning of Grue.” Philosophical Quarterly 39 : 166-189 Popper, Karl R. 1972 Objective Knowledge, New York: Harper & Row. Putnam, Hilary 1975 “The Nature of Mental States”, In Mind, Language, and Reality: Philosophical paper, Vol.2. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, (1979). 1983 “Foreword to the Fourth Edition” In Fact, Fiction and Forecast. 4th ed. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. Quine, W.V.O. 1960 Word & Object. Cambridge, Mass.: The M.I.T. Press 1969 “Natural Kinds” In Naming, Necessity, and Natural Kinds, edited by Stephen P. Schwartz, pp.155-175. Ithaca: Cornell University Press (1977). Salmon, Wesley 1974 “Russell on Scientific Inference or Will the Real Deductivist Please Stand Up?” In Bertrand Russell's Philosophy, edited by George Nakhnikian, pp. 183-208. London: Gerald Duckworth & Co.. Scheffler, Israel 1982 “Projectibility: A Postscript.” In Nelson Goodman's New Riddle of Induction, edited by Catherine Z. Elgin, pp.122-124. New York: Garland Publishing, Inc.. Stemmer, Nathan 1978 “A Partial Solution to the Goodman Paradox.” Pholosophy Studies 34 : 177-185. 1981 ‘Generation classes as alternative for similarities and some other concepts.’, Erkenntnis 16, pp. 73-102. Stroud, Barry 1977  Hume. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Zabeeh, Farhang “Hume's Problem of Induction: An Appraisal”, In David Hume, Critical Assessments.

畢業年份 / 學期: 2001 / 下學期(Spring)
學生姓名: 郭昱文
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