價值與實踐(94上(1))
一、課程說明(Course Description)
這門課的主要目的,是要讓學生對於人類社會生活中的一些極為根本的關於實踐與價值的問題,有初步的認識;這些在傳統的分類中基本上屬於「倫理」與「政治」這二個範疇的問題包括:「我應該做什麼?為什麼?」(道德的基礎)、「為什麼我應該服從?」(政治權力的正當性)以及「人為什麼而活」(價值、理想與信仰)等等問題。
由於對這些問題的觀點極為分歧,為了較完整地呈現某些重要的觀點,本課程將以歷史上具有代表性的思想家為主,(Plato, Aristotle, Machiavelli, Kant, Hegel, Mill, Hobbes, Locke, Rousseau, Marx, Nietzsche, Rawls)探討他們關於倫理與政治這二個範疇的基本思想,並說明他們的思想與當代的各種思潮與主義(如:德行倫理學、義務論、效益主義、自由主義、社會主義/共產主義等)之間的關係。並且,為了培養學生閱讀哲學經典的能力,我們將配合課程的內容選出相關哲學家的著作之重要段落,進行研讀、分析與討論。
二、指定用書(Text Books)
John Cottingham: Western Philosophy. An Anthology, Oxford: Blackwell, 1996.(簡稱:WP) 同學可以不必購買,選讀的文本將於上課後發下。選讀的文本包括:1. Morality and Happiness:
Plato, Republic, Book II, 357b2-367c5, with omissions. (WP 361-366)
2. Ethical Virtue:
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, extracts from Book I, chapter 7, and Book II, chapter 1, 5 and 6 (1097b21-1098a18; 1103a16-b25; 1105b19-1107a8). (WP 367-370)
3. Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle:
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, chapter 1 and chapter 2 (extracts). (WP 381-387)
4. The Unified State: From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination:
Georg Hegel, The Philosophy of Right, extracts from §§142, 156-9, 182-3, 185, 187-8, 257-61, adition to 261, 273, 279, 281, 308, 316-18. (WP 505-510)
5. Happiness as the Foundation of Morality:
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, chapter 2, abridged. (WP 387-392)
6. Sovereignty and Security:
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, extracts from chapter XIII, XIV and XVII (WP481-486)
7. Consent and Political Obligation:
John Locke, ‘The Second Treatise of Civil Government. An Essay concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government’, from Two Treatises of Government. Extracts from chapter II, §§ 4, 6; chapter III, §19; chapter V, §§ 27, 31, 50; chapter VIII, §§ 95, 97, 98, 99, 119; chapter IX, §§ 123, 124; chapter XII, § 149. (WP 487-492)
8. Society and the Individual:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, extracts from Book I, chapter 6, 7, 8; Book II, chapter 1, 3, 4; Book IV, chapter 2. (WP 498-504)
9. Property, Labour and Alienation:
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, pp. 44-8, 61, 82-7, with omissions and modifications.(WP 511-516)
10. Against Conventional Morality:
Friedrich Nietzsche, Beyond Good and Evil, extracts from §§ 26, 29, 32, 33, 39, 196, 201, 203. (WP 399-404)
11. Rational Choice and Fairness:
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, ch. 1, section 3 and 4 (with omissions). (WP 411-416)
三、參考書籍(References)
Samuel Enoch Stumpf: Elements of Philosophy: An Introduction, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1986
四、教學方式(Teaching Method)
演講為主,討論為輔。將要求同學研讀選讀的文本並繳交心得報告或翻譯重要片段(作為平時成績)。
五、教學進度(Syllabus)
除第一週導論之外,第二週起即針對個別思想家進行探討。
六、成績考核(Evaluation)
平時成績:40%;期末考:60%。
