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價值與實踐(95下(2))

一、課程說明(Course Description)
每個人都追求幸福,但幸福是什麼? 什麼是我們的善、惡和正確、錯誤等觀念的最終根源? 使一個良善、合理的生活成為可能的條件是什麼? 我應該做什麼和為什麼我應該實踐義務? 為什麼我應該遵守法律與社會規範? 人是否具有道德實踐的能力? 規範性的基礎何在? 有普遍、客觀的道德法則嗎? 如果有的話,應該具有怎樣的形式與內容? 道德原則和個人的自我利益之間有什麼關係? 一個合理、正義的社會可能嗎? 如何建立這種理想的世界?
個人與國家的關係是什麼? 對國家的義務之基礎何在? 國家機構僅僅只是方便措施、只是個人確保達成他想要的生活之有效的辦法? 或者國家有某些更高的道德地位賦予它擁有我們對之忠誠的權力? 到底國家是什麼 – 某種擁有自身權利的存在實體或者只是我們談論我們和我們同儕之間的關係之方便稱呼而已? 國家或眾人組成之團體凌駕個人之權力的恰當界限在那裡?
本課程旨在從探討人的本性出發討論一些有關倫理與政治的基本概念和問題。 主要是以經典閱讀為主,當代相關議題之探討為輔。 藉由介紹當代西方道德與政治哲學中幾個重要的相對立場,以期從實踐的角度反思人與世界的關係。

二、指定用書(Text Books)

John Cottingham (ed.): Western Philosophy. An Anthology. Blackwell, 1996. Part VII and Part IX. (以下簡稱WP)


三、參考書籍(References)

1. Samuel Enoch Stumpf, Elements of philosophy: An introduction. 2nd ed. McGraw-Hill, 1986. Part one and two.(備有中文翻譯與講義)
2. 其他參考資料於課堂上視情況提供。

 

四、教學方式(Teaching Method)

講演與討論。
4次家庭作業(測驗基本閱讀文獻的理解與掌握)和期末考。

五、教學進度(Syllabus)

主要涵蓋七個主題:1. 德性倫理學 2. 功利主義 3. 義務論
4. 價值的主觀主義與客觀主義 5. 自由主義 6. 平等 7. 社會正義、理想世界。
由選自指定用書的文獻依序進行(每次大約6頁):
I. Morality and the Good Life
1. Morality and Happiness:
Plato, Republic, Book II, 357b2-367c5, with omissions. (WP 361-366)
2. Ethical Virtue:
Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, extracts from Book I, chapter 7, and Book II, chapter 1, 5 and 6 (1097b21-1098a18; 1103a16-b25; 1105b19-1107a8). (WP 367-370)
3. Human Feeling as the Source of Ethics:
David Hume, Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, Section V, parts1 and 2; Section IX, parts 1 and 2. (WP 375-380)
4. Duty and Reason as the Ultimate Principle:
Immanuel Kant, Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, chapter 1 and chapter 2 (extracts). (WP 381-387)
5. Happiness as the Foundation of Morality:
John Stuart Mill, Utilitarianism, chapter 2, abridged. (WP 387-392)
6. Utility and Common-sense Morality:
H. Sidgwick, The Methods of Ethics, extracts from Book IV, chapter 4, § 1; chapter 5, §§ 1-3. (WP 393-399)
7. Duty and Intuition:
W. D. Ross, The Right and the Good, chapter II, ‘What makes Right Acts Right?’, pp.16-24, with omissions. (WP404-409)
8. Rational Choice and Fairness:
John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, chapter 1, section 3 and 4 (with omissions). (WP 410-415)

II. Authority and the State
9. Our Obligation to Respect the Laws of the State:
Plato, Crito, 50b-54e, with omissions (WP 473-476)
10. Sovereignty and Security:
Thomas Hobbes, Leviathan, extracts from chapter XIII, XIV and XVII (WP481-486)
11. Consent and Political Obligation:
John Locke, ‘The Second Treatise of Civil Government. An Essay concerning the True Original, Extent, and End of Civil Government’, from Two Treatises of Government. Extracts from chapter II, §§ 4, 6; chapter III, §19; chapter V, §§ 27, 31, 50; chapter VIII, §§ 95, 97, 98, 99, 119; chapter IX, §§ 123, 124; chapter XII, § 149. (WP 487-492)
12. Against Contractarianism:
David Hume, ‘Of the Original Contract’, first published in Essays Moral and Political. (WP 493-498)
13. Society and the Individual:
Jean-Jacques Rousseau, The Social Contract, extracts from Book I, chapter 6, 7, 8; Book II, chapter 1, 3, 4; Book IV, chapter 2. (WP 498-504)
14. The Unified State – From Individual Desire to Rational Self-determination:
Georg Hegel, Philosophy of Right, extracts from §§ 142, 156-9, 182-3, 185, 187-8, 257-61, addition to 261, 273, 279, 281, 308, 316-18. (WP 505-510)
15. The Limits of Majority Rule:
John Stuart Mill, On Liberty, extracts from chapter I, II, III and IV. (WP 517-522)
16. The Minimal State:
Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia, from chapter 7, section 1, pp. 149-63, with omissions. (WP 523-528)
17. 當代議題討論與回顧
18. 期末考

六、成績考核(Evaluation)

課堂表現10%;家庭作業40%;期末考50%。 

開學年/學期: 95 / 下學期
課程類別:  通識課程
授課教師: 鄭志忠
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