課程內容:
以歷史學家的角度來看,科學文明能發展至今日之風貌,是經由眾多不斷更換的大環境因素,在不斷變化的歷史脈絡之中所形塑的。然而,若以哲學家的角度來看,在科學文明繁複多變的歷史風貌之下,卻總有一些議題會在每次科學理論建構或更迭時,被經常地提出來討論。這些經常性議題包含如:科學理論的創發與科學發現的獲致,有所謂的“科學方法”可資遵循嗎?科學理論之假說如何被檢定其成立與否?科學理論構作之目的,主是用來描繪所觀察到的經驗現象,還是用以發掘那隱藏於現象背後之實在?當科學理論進行更迭時,新的理論一定是以優於先前理論的型態進行更換的嗎?巨觀的科學理論是植基於微觀的科學理論之上的嗎?或以更激進的觀點問:巨觀的科學理論可被微觀的科學理論所取代嗎?當同時有多個科學理論可用來解釋同一現象時,科學家如何分辨出何者為最適當之科學解釋?上述這些對科學理論本質探討的諸多議題,在科學文明發展的歷史進程之中,屢次地被科學家或哲學家不厭其繁地提起而爭辯著,且一次又一次地被賦予新的意義與不同的闡釋。而這些議題之所以歷久彌新,則似乎意味著,科學文明在各方面之歷史進程自有其生成之理路,而過去、現在與未來等世代的科學哲學研究者所進行的各項研究,無不試圖去揭露出科學文明的生成理路與整理出對其較為適當與可行之論述。本課程旨在帶領學生,在科學文明發展的歷史脈絡下,去認識那些過往的與當今的生成理路論述之成果。
本課程在內容安排上,一方面,以物理科學(含古典天文學)的發展為經,並約略述及自然科學的其他分支(如生物科學)之發展,以企圖為學生提供討論科學哲學議題的歷史脈絡之主軸 (就這方面,輔之以論述科學文明之進展的相關文獻與相關科學家或科學學派之經典著作的選讀與討論)。另一方面,則以各個哲學議題之討論為緯,企圖為當代科學文明之進展,勾勒出其內在的與外在的生成理路 (就這方面,輔之以論述科學文明之進展的相關文獻與相關自然哲學家或科學哲學家之著作的選讀與討論)。本課程希望能為學生建制與儲備一套植基於前述科學知識網絡之思考架構,以為其將來在面對各式各樣的科學與科技文明之議題時,能獨立進行批判思考之用。
參考用書:
(1) 論述科學文明發展 (尤指文藝復興以降至現代與當代之科學文明的進展) 之主要參考書 (選讀):
Burtt, E. A., 1932, the Metaphysical Foundations of Modern Science, Atlantic Highlands, New Jersey: Humanities Press.
Westfall, Richard S., 1977, the Construction of Modern Science: Mechanisms and Mechanics, Cambridge University Press.
Debus, Allen G., 1978, Man and Nature in the Renaissance, Cambridge University Press.
Cohen, I. Bernard, 1985, Revolution in Science, Cambridge, M. A. and London, England: the Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.
Gower, Barry, 1997, Scientific Method: a Historical and Philosophical Introduction, London and New York: Routledge.
Losee, John, 2001, a Historical Introduction to the Philosophy of Science (the 4th edition), Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press.
(2) 相關科學家或科學學派之經典著作選讀。
(3) 相關自然哲學家或科學哲學家之著作選讀。
*如有需要,會補充其它相關文獻。
課程進度:
1. 感官所見的生成變動現象如何可能?——伊利亞學派的挑戰和希臘原子論的回應
Frank N. Magill (ed.) World Philosophy: essay-reviews of 225 major works. Salem Press, 1982.(”The Way of Truth and The Way of Opinion”, “The Paradoxes of Zeno”, “Anaxagoras: Fragments”, “Democritus: Fragments”)
Aristotle, Metaphysics, Complete Works of Aristotle, vol. II, p. 1679, the first paragraph.
Atomism, pp. 83-110.
Christopher Ray, Time, Space, and Philosophy, pp. 5-23.
2. 亞里斯多德如何說明變動的現象?——「形質論」、「潛能實現說」與亞里斯多德的宇宙論
Aristotle, Physics, I: (8)-(9), III: (1), IV: (1), (5), VII: (1).
Aristotle, Metaphysics, XII: (2).
Aristotle, On Generation and Corruption, I :(3)-(4).
Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, Ch. 5, pp. 140-167.
3. 科學推論和科學說明如何進行?——亞里斯多德的科學方法論
Aristotle, Posterior Analytics, I: (2), (3), (6), (13).
Losee, pp. 4-13.
Brody, pp.
Wilson, The Logic and Methodology of Science in Early Modern Thought: Seven Studies, pp. 18-64.
Cambridge Companion to Aristotle, pp. 27-65, pp. 109-139.
McCarthy, pp.128-135.
David Ross, Aristotle, II: pp. 21-64, III: pp. 65-116.
David Ross, Aristotle’s Prior and Posterior Analytics, Introduction, pp. 47-74.
Garrett Thomson and Marshall Missner, On Aristotle, pp. 29-69.
Jonathan Barnes, Aristotle, Ch. 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12.
4. 科學旨在保全現象或是揭露實在?——從希臘的天文學到哥白尼的日心地動說
Copernicus, On the Revolution of Heavenly Spheres, 序言, pp. 1-2.
Pierre Duhem, To Save the Phenomena. An Essay on the Idea of Physical Theory from Plato to Galileo(選讀)
A. Goddu, 1990, “The Realism that Duhem Rejected in Copernicus,” Syntheses 83, pp. 310-315.
5. 科學進展的方式是連續的還是斷裂的?科學典範彼此之間是不可共量的嗎?——伽利略與近代科學的興起
Galileo Galilei, Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican. University of California Press, 1967.
Thomas S. Kuhn, The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. University of Chicago Press, 1996, Ch. 9, 10, 11.
Stillman Drake, Galileo Studies, Ch. 1.
6. 近代科學是嚴格證明的知識嗎?——伽利略的科學觀
Galileo Galilei, Two New Sciences. Wall & Thompson, 1989, pp. 165-167.
Robert E. Butts & Joseph C. Pitt (eds.) New Perspectives on Galileo. Reidel Publishing Co., 1978.
Barry Gower, Scientific Method, Ch. 2.
McMullin, “The Conception of Science in Galileo’s Work,” in Butts & Pitt (eds.), pp. -.
Wisan, “Galeleo’s Scientific Method: A Reexamination,” in Butts & Pitt (eds.), pp. -.
7. 大自然有如一部機器嗎?——笛卡爾與大自然的機械化
Descartes, Principles of Philosophy, Ch. 2-4.
E.J. Dijksterhuis, The Mechanization of the World Picture. Pythagoras to Newton. Princeton University Press, 1986, pp. 403-417.
Richard S. Westfall, The Construction of Modern Science. Mechanism and Mechanics. Cambridge University Press, 1977, Ch. 2.
Gary Hatfield, Descartes and the Meditations, pp. 302-307.
8. 構作物理理論的方法為何?——物理理論之典範:牛頓與《自然哲學的數學原理》
Newton, The Principia: Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy, University of California Press, 1999, Ch. 2, pp. 51-55 and “General Schloium,” pp. 614-615. (中譯本)
H. S. Thayer (ed.), 1953, Newton’s Philosophy of Nature, pp. 5-8. (中譯本)
I. Bernard Cohen, The Newtonian Revolution: with Illustrations of the Transformation of Scientific Ideas, Cambridge University Press, 1980, Ch. 3.
John Losee, A Historical Introduction to Philosophy of Science, Ch. 8, pp. 72-85.
9. 理論之間的化約如何進行?——從熱力學到統計力學
Stephen G. Brush, The Kind of Motion We Call Heat: A History of the Kinetic Theory of Gases in the 19th Century, North-Holland Pub. Co., 1986.
Stephen G. Brush, The Kinetic Theory of Gases: An Anthology of Classic Papers with Historical Commentary, London Imperial College Press, 2003.
Ernest Nagel, The Structure of Science: Problems in the Logic of Scientific Explanation, Hackett, 1979, Chap.11.
Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics, Westview Press, 1992, Ch.3.
10. 如何評判科學理論的優劣?——達爾文的演化論具有哪些理論優點?
Charles Darwin, On the Origin of Species, Harvard University Press, 1964, Ch. 15, pp. 529-559. (中譯本)
Elisabeth A. Lloyd, 1983, “The Nature of Darwin’s Support for the Theory of Natural Selection,” Philosophy of Science 50, pp. 112-129.
Thomas S. Kuhn, 1977, “Objectivity, Value Judgment, and Theory Choice.”
11. 生物學與物理學是不是採用相同的研究方法與說明模式?
Silver, B, The Ascent of Science, Ch. 22, pp. 268-281.
Salmon et. al. (eds), 1992, Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Ch. 7, pp. 269-309.
12. 時間和空間到底是什麼樣的一種東西?它們能獨立於物體和事件而存在嗎?時空是絕對的或是相對的?平直的或是彎曲的?——愛因斯坦的狹義相對論和廣義相對論
Albert Einstein, Relativity, the Special and the General Theory: A Popular Exposition, Crown Publishers, 1961, pp. 14-17, 21-31, 35-36, 50-59, 65-67, 94-95. (中譯本)
Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics, Westview Press, 1992, Ch.2.
Lawrence Sklar, Space, Time, and Spacetime, University of California Press, 1974, Ch.3.
13. 上帝玩骰子嗎?當沒有人在看時,月亮還在那裡嗎?——量子力學的衝擊:決定論或非決定論?有獨立於觀察之外的客觀實在嗎?
Werner Heisenberg, Physics and Philosophy: The Revolution in Modern Science, Harper, 1958, Ch. 5. (中譯本)
Niels Bohr, Atomic Physics and Human Knowledge, Wiley, 1958, Chap.4.
Richard P. Feynman, The Character of Physical Law, MIT. Press, 1967, Lecture 6. (中譯本)
Lawrence Sklar, Philosophy of Physics, Westview Press, 1992, Ch.4.
N. David Mermin, “Is The Moon There When Nobody Looks? Reality and the Quantum Theory”, in R. Boyd, P. Gasper & J.D. Trout (eds.) The Philosophy of Science, MIT Press, 1993, pp. 501-516.
14. 經濟學是實證的科學嗎?
M. Friedman, 1953, “The Methodology of Positive Economics,” Essays in Positive Economics, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, pp. 3-43.
A. Rosenberg, 1983, “If Economics isn’t Science, What Is It?” Philosophical Forum, vol. 14, pp. 296-314.
Peter Godfrey-Smith, 2003, Theory and Reality: An Introduction to the Philosophy of Science, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, Ch. 4, pp.57-74.
15. 總體現象是由個體行為造成的嗎?
J. W. N. Watkins, 1957, “Historical Explanation in the Social Sciences,” British Journal of Philosophy of Science, vol. 8, pp. 104-117.
Harold Kincaid, 1986, “Reduction, Explanation, and Individualism,” Philosophy of Science, vol. 53, pp. 492-513.
A. Rosenberg, Philosophy of Social Science, Ch. 5.
A. Ryan, The Philosophy of the Social Sciences, Ch. 8.
授課方式:
教師講演、學生報告、與課堂共同討論。
家庭作業 (測驗基本文獻閱讀的理解與掌握)、期中考、與期末考。
評分方式:
課堂報告、參與、家庭作業: 40%
期中考: 30%
期末考: 30%
總計: 100%
—課堂報告與參與:課前準備、課堂報告、課堂討論
—家庭作業:翻譯、摘要、重建論證、重建立場等不同形的作業