論西田幾多郎「純粹經驗」的概念──以《善的研究》為核心

 

出版年(Thesis Year): 民97 關鍵字: 京都學派 Kyoto school 西田幾多郎 Kitaro Nishida 純粹經驗 Pure experience 實在 Reality 論文頁數(Page): 69 摘要: 中文摘要 本篇論文的目的在於釐清西田幾多郎《善的研究》(1911)中「純粹經驗」這個概念。首先指出西田所關心的乃是「生命的學問」;因此,「純粹經驗」並非抽 象的哲學概念,毋寧是根源生命的揭露。倘若只關注於存有論的層面將會無法提供對這個概念的完整闡釋,因此,從倫理學的角度來研究也是必要的。根據西田, 「純粹經驗」是天地宇宙根源的實在,並且實踐此根源實在(即等同於實踐(內在)真正的自己)即是實踐最基礎的倫理的善。再者,依據此基礎的善而行即是宗教 上的追求。因此,自「純粹經驗」的觀點來看,存有論、倫理學、宗教並非相互獨立,毋寧是交織一體。 第一章說明西田的存有論。西田一方面批判笛卡兒(René Descartes)二元實在論(dualism),另一方面提出自身的一元實在論。對西田而言,作為根源實在的純粹經驗是「獨立自全的活動」(獨立自全 の活動)。我將說明實在成立的法則——實在基於「(詭譎的)矛盾」而成立,並具有辯證法的性格。再者,西田不做事實與價值的區分。因此,實在論的研究必然 導向倫理學的研究。第二章說明西田對諸倫理學說的批評以及其自身的理論 ——一種他稱為「活動說」(energetism)的論點。我提供一些理由以主張西田的活動說事實上是自律倫理學。第三章說明西田的宗教哲學。根據西田, 宗教依神人關係而建,並透過純粹經驗的自我差異化,說明神與人的關係以及神與世界的關係。第四章,我總結《善的研究》的主要論點,並指出雖於《善的研究》 時期西田甚少於作品中提及東洋傳統的影響,但說《善的研究》具有東洋性格仍是合理的。 Abstract The aim of this thesis is to clarify the concept of pure experience in Kitarō Nishida 's Zen No Kenkyu. I first point out that Nishida’s main concern is of ‘the study of life’; hence the concept of pure experience, in essence, is not an abstract philosophical concept, but rather a concept illuminating the nature of ordinary life. It would fail to provide a complete elaboration of the very concept if we focus merely upon its ontological aspects, since studies from an ethical point of view, as I see it, is also essential. According to Nishida, pure experience is the ultimate reality of the universe, and practicing this ultimate reality (which is equivalent to practicing our (inner) true selves) is the fundamental ethical goodness. Moreover, it is acting in accord with this fundamental goodness which is the pursuit of religion. Thus from the viewpoint of pure experience, ontology, ethics, and religion are not mutually dependent, but rather interwoven. In chapter one, I study the ontology proposed by Nishida. Nishida first criticizes against Cartesian realism (dualism), arguing for, on the other hand, his own version of mono-realism. For him, the ultimate reality is pure experience which is the genuinely independent activities (獨立自全の活動). I will elaborate Nishida’s idea of the rules of reality—the establishment of (ultimate) reality is based on ‘paradoxes’ which are dialectical in character. Moreover, Nishida does not differentiate fact from value. Hence the study of reality necessarily leads to the study of ethical theories. I consider, in chapter two, Nishida’s criticisms against various theories of value, and his own theory, i.e. a contention he calls energetism. I provide some reasons for the claim that Nishida’s energetism is in effect a kind of autonomous ethical theory. Chapter three concentrates on Nishida’s contentions on the philosophy of religion. According to Nishida, religion relies on the relationship between god and man, and he explains both the relationship between god and man and the relationship between god and the world by dint of the self-differentiating of pure experience, the ultimate reality. In chapter four, I summarize the main thesis of Zen No Kenkyu. I point out that although Nishida seldom mentions the oriental influences of his thought in his writing, I think it is reasonable to see Zen No Kenkyu as characteristically oriental. 論文目次 Table of Content: 中文摘要 英文摘要 目錄 凡例 序章 0.1 研究問題、研究動機、章節安排與研究限制 0.2 生命的學問 第一章 作為根源實在的純粹經驗:西田氏實在論(存有論) 1.1 二元論的批判 與 根源實在 的提出 1.2 獨立自全的活動(獨立自全の活動) 與 知情意合一的經驗 1.3 「多」與「一」是同一實事的兩面——談純粹經驗的分裂與統一 1.4 純粹經驗的辯證性格 1.5 純粹經驗是日常經驗 第二章 作為人格的善的純粹經驗:西田氏倫理學 2.1 討論「行為」就是討論「意志」(意識現象的全體) 2.2 談意志自由——「內的自由」(內的な自由)或說是「必然的自由」 2.3 西田對西方諸倫理學說的批評 ——對「直覺說」、「他律倫理學」、「主知說」、「快樂說」的批評 2.4 西田的「活動說」或說是「自己實現說」 第三章 作為宗教經驗的純粹經驗:西田氏宗教哲學 3.1 宗教經驗是根源經驗 3.2 神人関係 以及 神與世界的関係——純粹經驗的自我差異化 3.3 自己的否定是自己的肯定 3.4 惡的力量 第四章 《善的研究》結論 4.1 《善的研究》總結 4.2 《善的研究》所展現的東洋性格

 

 

畢業年份 / 學期: 2008 /
學生姓名: 邱一平